Male Violence. There are several plausible reasons the masculinity and violence hypotheses failed. 1994. Steffensmeier, Darrell. This calendar helped inmates recall details of their lives and sequences of events about residence, cohabitation, substance use, employment, school attendance, significant relationships, gang memberships, and routine daily activities (Horney, 2000). According to Tedeschi and Felson (1994:197), the preponderance of research indicates that men take more risks than women and this risk-taking behavior is also a feature of masculinity. 1996. First, this analysis does not control for contextual or situational characteristics that may be important. Hearn, Jeff and David H. Morgan. More elaboration on both positive and negative outlets that exist to assert masculinity is necessary. Common masculine traits such as toughness and dominance, which are considered necessary in order to assert a strong masculine reputation, are learned through this contact with older males (Cloward and Ohlin, 1960). Educated men were consistently found to have more “feminine” characteristics than less educated men (Long and Graham, 1991: 47). 2000. No problematic coefficients were found in this examination when looking at the correlation matrix and tolerance statistics. 1995. Spergel, Irving and Susan Grossman. Bristol, PA: Accelerated Development, Inc. Fagan, Jeffrey. “The life history calendar: a technique for collecting retrospective data.” Sociological Methodology 18:37-68. What is missing, however, is a discussion of other not so legitimate, alternative, means of masculine display other than violence. “Competitiveness, risk taking, and violence: the young male syndrome.” Ethology and Sociobiology 6:59-73. Such an approach allows for a more detailed set of cues that may jog respondents’ memory (Axin, Pearce, and Ghimire, 1999). Gang activity has been seen as emphasizing masculine traits of achievement, aggressiveness, and daring behaviors (Spergel and Grossman, 1997; Lasley, 1998; Wilkinson, 1998). Miedzian, Myriam. It then discusses the emergence of new studies on the ... https://lawaspect.com/criminology-gender-blinded/. “Criminal Events and Criminal Careers.” in The process and structure of crime: criminal events and crime analysis, edited by R. Meier, L. Kennedy, and V. Sacco. Using a sample of newly incarcerated offenders in Nebraska, this study analyzes self-report data at the event level to examine the effects of masculine traits on violent and avoided violent situations1 . “Advantages of Hierarchical Linear Modeling.” Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 7. The prevalence of fatal police shootings by U.S. police, 2015–2016: Patterns and answers from a new data set. Bourgois, Philippe I. From the 1980s onwards, the growth of 'masculinity The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. The sample for the current study is limited only to cases that involve male-on-male events. Martin, Susan Ehrlich and Nancy C. Jurik. Messerschmidt (1993) discusses the use of violence as an alternative when legitimate means for masculine display are unavailable. First, using traditional MMPI-2 measures for masculinity may not tap into true masculine traits and values. The idea of “doing gender” was introduced by West and Zimmerman in 1987. Second, additional less appropriate outlets such as number of past sexual partners, number of children, or number of past successful violent encounters may tap into a different way that a man could assert masculinity without the need for violence in the current situation. Nine Lives: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and Violence: Westview Press. Unfortunately, the current analysis is based on the use of a summed scale that combines variables from both the person and the event levels into a single measure. 1999. MMPI-A Scores and High Points of Male Juvenile Delinquents: Scales 4, 5, and 6 as Markers of Juvenile Delinquency.” Psychological Assessment 14: 311-319. The United States has higher rates of violent crime than any other industrialized nation (Reiss and Roth, 1993; Oliver, 1994). Past research, especially in the areas of crime and violence rarely use an empirical measure of masculinity. If the MMPI-2 scales are not tapping into true masculine characteristics, that could account for the failure of masculinity as a significant variable in this examination. “The code of the streets.” The Atlantic Monthly. Next, it may be better to measure differing levels of masculinity, such as hegemonic masculinity, instead of relying on a scale of general masculinity. Steinke, Pamela. Johnson, Mark E., Georgia Jones, and Christiane Brems. Messner, Michael A and Donald F. Sabo. Length of interview was driven by amount of violent and non-violent incidents recalled by the inmate. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. The measure of appropriate traditional outlets of masculinity (Outlets) had an adequate alpha value of .62. Future research should explore these possibilities and control for appropriate contextual situational variables in each event. When arranging different types of masculinity on a continuum or hierarchy, hegemonic masculinity can be thought of as the top or ideal form of masculinity. Especially in areas of violence and aggression, masculinity can be used to garner a better understanding of male behavior. 1999. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. It is quite likely that stereotypical masculinity in 1943 is different than stereotypical masculinity in 2000. Age was found to be significant in all models. 1993. 1998. W. 1987. These qualities and characteristics have been restructured throughout history; however, scientists in several disciplines list similar concepts that can be used to demonstrate masculinity. Alternative outlets may also play a very important role. It begins with an overview of traditional criminology that either ignored or had a skewed understanding of the nature of the crime–masculinity connection, focusing instead on biology, which often considered crime as a reflection of defective male and female bodies/identities. Toronto, Ontario: Garamond Press. The issue of masculinity and its link to criminal behavior in men has been identified in both past and present discussions of criminological thought. Traditional situational variables including third party presence, drug or alcohol use, and physical location could greatly impact the outcome of an event. Oliver, William. Berkeley : University of California Press. Masculine identity is consistent with being a tough and courageous person. Freedom, CA : Crossing Press. The use of criminal masculine accomplishment is especially likely when a man’s masculinity is called into question or threatened (Polk, 1997). The belief that gender roles are socially constructed is widely agreed upon in social science research (Hagedorn, 1998). Messerschmidt (2000) discusses the occurrence of a “masculinity challenge” that may enhance the use of violence in a situation. One famous writer on this subject is Messerschmidt who in 1993 released the Masculinity hypothesis' which coined the concept of Zimmerman (1987) which states that gender is maintained through everyday interaction and that male criminality may in fact be a subconscious masculine trait and an accecptable way to convey toughness (Jones 1998: 291). Third, future efforts need to include both men and women in the sample. London and New York: Routledge. 2000. MMPI-2 Masculinity-Femininity Scale MF. “Crime and Masculinities in Australia, Germany and Japan.” International Sociology 8:461-478. This argument identifies the way in which expressing masculinity is directly linked to criminal behavior, especially the use of violence (Walklate, 1995:172). If a man has proven his masculinity several times in the past, he can draw from those experiences to assert his masculinity in any given incident. Anthropological and sociological examinations into masculinity have routinely examined issues of aggression, success, occupational achievement, honor, status, dominance, toughness, loyalty, respect, courage, and risk-taking (Herek, 1986; Miedzian, 1991; Messerschmidt, 1993; Gutmann, 1997; Wilkinson, 1998). When examining the items that make up the MMPI-2 subscales, these elements are hard to detect. If a man does poorly at school or at his job, or in his family life, he must seek out other, alternative, “masculine-validating resources” (Messerschmidt, 1993:83). First, a category that contains positive social outlets, such as successful parenting and job satisfaction would be a way to assess successful masculinity. Placing this variable at either level in the HLM analysis could compromise the results (Osborne, 2000). Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Effects of genetic and environmental explanations of psychopathy and gender on perceptions of criminal behaviors. “Sex roles: the measurement of masculinity.” in Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, edited by J. P. Robinson and P. R. Shaver. Men’sLlives. Parsons, Talcott. “Crime in the United States 2000: Uniform Crime Reports.”, Federal Bureau of Investigation. New York : Free Press. Traditional Outlets of Masculinity Scale. Accepted by general society, these characteristics would allow a man to appropriately display his gender. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. The first measure is an additive scale containing traditionally acceptable outlets of masculinity. “Masculinity and Moral development as contributors to violent crime among Mexican American male offenders.” Ph.D. dissertation Thesis, New State University. Difference of means tests were performed on the two samples, with no significant differences found between the two. Empirical testing of the MF scale notes that it has low internal consistency and low concurrent validity with established sex role measures such as the BEM sex role inventory. The development of a masculine criminology is something that has been missing from much of the criminological literature. In the United States, this includes physical strength, aggressiveness, and visible proof of achievement (Messerschmidt, 1993; Gutmann, 1997). New York: Oxford University Press. THE MASCULINITY-FEMININITY HYPOTHESIS: A Consideration of Gender-based Personality Theories of Female Crime NAGAIRE NAFFIN * LL.B., Ph.D., Brighton, South Australia. As an extension of this idea, anthropological literature suggests the number of children a man fathers may play an important role. The scale is made up of 56 yes/no items that were created to measure stereotypic masculine interests (Graham, 2000: 73). The development of a masculine criminology is something that has been missing from much of the criminological literature. As an additional test, the issue of multicollinearity was examined. Once interview procedures were explained, information on the 36-month period prior to an inmate’s most recent arrest was gathered using a life-events calendar. Other shortcomings of Messerschmidt’s hypothesis should also be noted. Perry, Barbara. West, Candace and Don H. Zimmerman. This re-creation occurs in the family, at work, in school, and in all other social settings. If success in a marital relationship is a coveted position, men with this status can promote their coveted success. Criminology. 1924. The more children a man has, the easier it is to prove his virility. Engaging Men: Results of the MenCare+ Gender Justice Program in Indonesia. Static measures, such as the MMPI, however, still show importance. As predicted, violent incidents were more likely to include highly masculine men who had few traditional outlets to assert their masculinity. The discussion focuses upon the social construction of masculine identity and the relationship that exists between masculinity and criminality as both theoretical and analytical concepts in the study of men and crime.

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