Enterobacter strains produce a chromosomal β-lactamase with cephalosporinase activity and are nearly always highly resistant to penicillins and many cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. is most common in nosocomial infections. Sader HS, Jones RN, Stilwell MG, et al.

It uses a bacterial growth media, which is a combination of nutrients, moisture, and other chemicals necessary for the growth of bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1998 Mar.

Infect Control. 2008 Mar 15. Risk factors for infection include immunosuppression from any cause, prematurity, the use of a foreign device such as a CVC, endotracheal tube, or urinary catheter, and the prior use of antibiotics. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. are motile, use citrate as a sole carbon source, and give a positive Voges-Proskauer test result but do not produce indole or hydrogen sulfide. Typical colony morphology of our strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on MacConkey agar is as follows: 1. Outbreak strains have been characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. 1992 Nov. 15(5):824-39. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.

The role of microbial virulence factors in the pathogenicity of these organisms has been reviewed.5, Dennis J. Cunningham, Mario J. Marcon, in Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Fourth Edition), 2012. 2009 Apr-Jun. Enterobacter species have many features in common with those of the genus Klebsiella, but are readily distinguished by their motility, although non-motile variants occur occasionally. Enterobacter cloacae is the most frequently isolated Enterobacter species from humans and animals.

Enterobacter strains differ from Serratia strains in being sensitive to the polymyxins. 46(6):847-54. [Medline]. Lockhart SR, Abramson MA, Beekmann SE, et al. Fritsche TR, Strabala PA, Sader HS, et al. 2012 Feb. 50(2):223-6.

most commonly recovered from human sources include E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, and to a lesser extent Pantoea (Enterobacter) agglomerans group, Cronobacter spp. Fermentation by Enterobacter species is more limited when compared to some Klebsiella species.

Halstead DC, Abid J, Dowzicky MJ. Enterobacter endocarditis. 73 (9):2519-2523.

Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative organisms in the intensive care unit. Diseases & Conditions, 2002 Liu CP, Wang NY, Lee CM, et al. 2015 Mar. Enterobacter spp. Yang FC, Yan JJ, Hung KH, Wu JJ. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. [Medline]. Centers for Disease Contol.

Diseases & Conditions. 2004 Sep. 58(1):63-77. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads.

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[Medline]. Enterobacter spp. On MacConkey agar, E. cloacae and E. aerogenes commonly appear as pink, lactose-positive, mucoid colonies similar in appearance to Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca. [Full Text]. 23:41-3. [Full Text]. Livermore DM, Oakton KJ, Carter MW, et al. Int J Antimicrob Agents. Motility and ornithine reactions help differentiate Enterobacter spp. J Infect Dis. Accessed: accessed 1 April 2008. J Infect. [Medline]. In addition to their capsule, which may contribute to serum resistance and resistance to phagocytosis, strains of E. cloacae frequently produce aerobactin, adhere to tissue culture cells, and exhibit mannose-sensitive hemagglutination, possibly the result of type 1 fimbriae expression.325 E. sakazakii can adhere to and invade brain microvascular endothelial cells, a trait that it shares with strains of ExPEC that produce K1 capsule and cause neonatal meningitis.326.

A number of newly named species (formerly included in the E. cloacae group) are difficult to differentiate by biochemical test methods.1–5 Organisms formerly classified as E. sakazakii comprised a diverse group and are renamed as Cronobacter spp., which comprise at least seven named species, of which C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus are most frequently isolated from human infections. Jiang X, Ni Y, Jiang Y, et al. 1-9. Alhambra A, Cuadros JA, Cacho J, et al. Infection of hospital patients, notably of the urinary tract, occurs. Enterobacter spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. MacConkey Agar is a differential media developed by Alfred Theodore MacConkey in the 20th century. are also an important cause of bacteraemia, but much less so than Klebsiella spp (Fig. 6(3):124-8. Surg Infect (Larchmt). On MacConkey agar, E. cloacae and E. aerogenes commonly appear as pink, lactose-fermenting, mucoid colonies similar in appearance to Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca.

Associated with illness in neonates (meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteremia) and considered a foodborne pathogen in infant formula.

here. An outer membrane protein, OmpX (18.6 kD), has a direct influence on the ability of E. cloacae to invade rabbit ileal tissue de Kortet et al (1994). 2005 Dec 12-26. Isolated from fruit powder. [Medline].

Ye Y, Li JB, Ye DQ, et al. As a result, gold to brown colonies is formed with dark centers. The colonies are non-pigmented or yellow-pigmented. They are a source of nutrients needed for growth such as vitamins, minerals, nitrogen, and amino acids.

It has the uninoculated plate. Because of the relatively low importance of these bacteria as human pathogens, the virulence factors associated with them have not been extensively studied. Endotoxins are not secreted, but are released when the cells are disrupted. They do not produce hydrogen sulfide in triple sugar iron agar and do not deaminate phenylalanine. What Is the Risk of Catching the Coronavirus on a Plane? may be sufficient for most patient care decisions, although knowledge of the specific species would be important in the setting of a potential nosocomial outbreak or when the clinical significance of the isolate is questioned.

24(2):233-40. 1983 Jul. [Medline]. [Medline]. Rev Infect Dis. [Medline]. [Medline]. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae: considerations for diagnosis, prevention and drug treatment. Medscape Medical News. Drudy D, Mullane NR, Quinn T, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the 2003 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Associated with brown leaf spot disease of pear trees. Christian P Sinave, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Microbiology, Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease CanadaDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. 2007 Oct. 51(10):3726-30. J Clin Microbiol.

The Enterobacter spp. E. sakazakii causes bacteremia and meningitis primarily in neonates and is associated with consumption of powdered milk formula.323 P. agglomerans, a plant pathogen, is often associated with contaminated catheters or penetrating trauma.324, Little is known regarding potential virulence characteristics of these bacteria. It is a selective medium in the sense that it inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria primarily because of the presence of bile salts and crystal violet in the medium. Gupta S, Govil D, Kakar PN, Prakash O, Arora D, Das S. Colistin and polymyxin B: A re-emergence. Joseph F John, Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEA is a member of the following medical societies: Charleston County Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, South Carolina Infectious Diseases SocietyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Notwithstanding, some commercial biochemical identification systems include P. agglomerans or P. agglomerans group in their databases.

(formerly E. sakazakii), E. gergoviae, and E. asburiae; Enterobacter cloacae is by far the most common clinical isolate. Enterobacter cloacae is less susceptible to chlorination than Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med. [Full Text].

Abbott SL, Janda JM. 2012 Apr. Activity of tigecycline tested against a global collection of Enterobacteriaceae, including tetracycline-resistant isolates. Burns. v Dijk Y, Bik EM, Hochstenbach-Vernooij S, v d Vlist GJ, Savelkoul PH, Kaan JA, et al. 2006 Feb. 44(2):518-24. [Medline]. [Medline]. 2009 Nov. 53(11):4924-6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). J Med Microbiol.

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