During the time of Uthman, these restrictions were relaxed. However, when Umar died in November 644 the tiny group of disciples responsible for choosing the new caliph passed over Ali and selected a seventy-year-old, Uthman ibn Affan, a merchant prince of Mecca, who had been another early convert. On their way back to Egypt, however, they caught an African slave, a messenger from Uthman riding fast to the governor and carrying orders for their leaders’ execution when they reached home. When Ali was asked, he didn't reply. [14] Uthman honestly expressed that he had the right to utilize the public funds according to his best judgment, and no one criticized him for that.

The body was not washed, as Islamic teaching states that martyrs' bodies are not supposed to be washed before burial. [9][10] Uthman had one sister, Amina. [32], Umar had been very strict in the use of money from the public treasury—indeed, apart from the meagre allowance that had been sanctioned in his favour, Umar took no money from the treasury. This committee was: Umar asked that, after his death, the committee reach a final decision within three days, and the next caliph should take the oath of office on the fourth day. Discontent mounted, however, over the favour Uthman showed to his own Ummayad family, who seemed to enjoy a monopoly of influential and lucrative appointments. He wanted to take action against Ali's foster son, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa, Uthman's adopted son, and Ammar ibn Yasir. [63], According to Wilferd Madelung, during Uthman's reign, "grievances against his arbitrary acts were substantial by standards of his time. [24] They went so far as to impose authoritarianism over their provinces. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. "[88], The general opinion of the Sunni Muslim community and Sunni historians regarding Uthman's rule were positive, particularly regarding his leniency; in their view, his alleged nepotism concerned the kinsmen he appointed, such as Muawiya and Abdullah ibn Aamir, proven to be effective in both military and political management. Uthman realized there was a considerable commercial opportunity to promote trade among Muslims and soon established himself as a trader in Medina. Corrections? [63], The rebels realized that the people in Mecca supported Uthman and were not inclined to listen to them. Spain had first been invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of Uthman. [72]:216, The rioters tried to decapitate Uthman's corpse, but his two widows, Na'ila and Umm al-Banin, threw themselves across the body and screamed, beating their faces and tearing their clothing, until the rioters were deterred. In 656 armed men from Egypt arrived in Medina and demanded the dismissal of the Egyptian governor, which the caliph pretended to grant. [13], His father, Affan, died at a young age while travelling abroad, leaving Uthman with a large inheritance.

[15] Uthman was also a humanitarian: he customarily freed slaves every Friday, looked after the widows and orphans, and gave unlimited charity. The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. [76][failed verification], The funeral prayers were led by Jabir bin Muta'am, and the dead body was lowered into the grave with little ceremony. Nevertheless, Uthman and Ruqayya re-settled in Mecca. [16]:167–169[17]:238 Uthman had to start his business afresh, but the contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his favour and his business prospered once again. Abu Nu`aym, Hilya al-Awliya' 1:92–100 #3; al-Dhahabi, Siyar A`lam al-Nubala' 1/2: 566–614 #4. He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family members to accept any gifts from any quarter. Both his wives having been elder daughters of Muhammad and Khadija earned him the honorific title Dhū al-Nurayn ("The Possessor of Two Lights"). Madelung, Wilferd (1997). His father died before Islam i-e pre-Islamic period. This was a trait which had been acknowledged by Muhammad. [87] His teeth were bound with gold wire,[87] with the front ones being noted as being particularly fine. He also represented the Umayyad clan, which had suffered a partial eclipse during the Prophet’s lifetime but was now reasserting its influence. [103] This not only resulted in settling the internal conflicts in those settlements, but also further expanded Rashidun territory to as far west as southern Iberia[104] and as far east as Sindh, Pakistan. During the siege, Uthman was asked by his supporters, who outnumbered the rebels, to let them fight, but Uthman refused, in an effort to avoid bloodshed among Muslims. Al Nahaya, Volume 5 page 80; Qamus, page 500 "lughut Nathal" by Firozabadi; Lisan al Arab, Volume 11 Chapter "Lughuth Nathal" page 670; Sharh Nahjul Balagha Ibn al Hadeed Volume 2 page 122; Sheikh al-Mudhira, by Mahmoud Abu Raya, p170 (foot note); Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, Volume 1 page 52; Tarikh Mukhtasar al-Duwal, by Ibn Al-Ebrei, v1 p55; Al-Mahsol, by al-Razi, v4 p343; Ansab al-Ashraf, Volume 6 pages 192–193.Tarikh e Tibri by Tibri V8 P343. ʿUthmān may even have sent an emissary to China in 651; by the end of the 7th century Arab Muslims were trading there. Naila was accompanied by some women, including Uthman's daughter. [45], Muawiyah I had been appointed the governor of Syria by Umar in 639 to stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars. From Egypt, Kufa, and Basra, contingents of about 1,000 people apiece were sent to Medina, each with instructions to assassinate Uthman and overthrow the government. [44], During his rule, Uthman's military-style was more autonomical in nature as he delegated much military authority to his trusted kinsmen—e.g., Abdullah ibn Aamir, Muawiyah I and Abdullāh ibn Sa'ad ibn Abī as-Sarâḥ—unlike Umar's more centralized policy.

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