Ikrimah, having no local administrative responsibility, used his corps to subdue the neighbourhood of Daba, and in a number of small actions succeeded in breaking the resistance of those of the Azd who had continued to defy the authority of Medina.[1]. https://www.ancient.eu/Ridda_Wars/. Als Ridda-Kriege (arabisch حروب الردة, DMG ḥurūb ar-ridda) werden die Feldzüge bezeichnet, die Abū Bakr, der erste Kalif, zur Unterwerfung der arabischen Stämme führte, die sich nach dem Tod Mohammeds im Jahre 632 vom Islam abgewandt hatten. With Ikrimah on the horizon, Musaylima would remain in expectation of a Muslim attack, and thus not be able to leave his base. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. Most often the following Hadith reports are quoted to prove that the first Caliph Abu Bakr fought these people as a result of them renouncing their former faith, Islam: The army had been away for 40 days. Dhu'l-Taj was killed in battle. The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and completed during the 11th year of the Hijra. Moving south from Buzakha, Khalid reached Naqra in October 632 CE, with an army now 6000 strong, and defeated the rebel tribe of Banu Saleem in the Battle of Naqra. Von Sanaa aus zog er im Jahre 633 ostwärts in Richtung Hadramaut und half dem dortigen muslimischen Gouverneur Ziyād ibn Labīb bei der Niederschlagung eines kinditischen Aufstands, der von al-Aschʿath ibn Qais angeführt wurde. Two commanders, Ikrimah and Shuhrabil, one after the other were sent to keep Musaylimah at bay with instructions of not engaging until ordered, both leaders, however, gave in to their rashness and were defeated. The last of the great revolts of the apostasy was that of the powerful tribe of Kinda, which inhabited the region of Najran, Hadhramaut, and eastern Yemen. 632 In third week of October 632 CE, Khalid defeated a tribal mistress, Salma, in the battle of Zafar. Sunnis believe that since Malik and his tribe were judged apostates, they were taken captives and Idda rules do not apply to apostates. Khan, Syed M. "Ridda Wars." Having re-established Islam in Mahra, Ikrimah moved his corps to Abyan, where he rested his men and awaited further developments. In addition to this Abu Bakr assembled a fresh army of Ansar and Muhajireen in Medina that joined Khalid's corps at Butah. Abu Bakr, who swiftly gained popular support, proclaimed himself the first Khalifa (Caliph; meaning deputy) of the Prophet and the supreme ruler of Islam, the first of the Rashidun caliphs (as the first four are referred to by Sunni Muslims). Malik was a chief of some distinction: a warrior, noted for his generosity, and a famous poet. The Quza'a remained rebellious and unrepentant, however 'Amr ibn al-'As later attacked them and forced them to surrender again.[1]. [5] The battles which he had fought recently against the apostate concentrations at Zhu Qissa and Abraq were in the nature of immediate preventive action to protect Medina and discourage further offensives by the enemy. [1] Im Jemen hatte diese Absetzbewegung schon vor dem Tode Mohammeds eingesetzt. Bei dem Stamm der Banū Hanīfa, der in der ostarabischen Yamāma lebte, tat sich der Prophet Musailima hervor, der ebenfalls in seinen Lehren monotheistische Anklänge zeigte, indem er im Namen Rahmāns predigte. In Medina, ‘Umar told Khâlid: “You enemy of Allâh! New Edition. It is hard to separate fact from myth surrounding the pivotal engagement at Yamama (December 632 CE) as no contemporary records exist, however, the loss of life was great. Yamama (or al-Yamama) in the Najd province, however, continued to pose a dire threat. Afterwards he moved to Najd against the rebel tribe of Banu Tamim and their Sheikh Malik ibn Nuwayrah. Medina stood as the sole bastion of Islam, just as in the times of the Prophet, only this time there was support from various quarters. Abu Bakr had to fight not one but several enemies: Tulayha at Buzakha, Malik bin Nuwaira at Butah, Musaylima at Yamamah. apostate and Muslim, was so well balanced that neither side felt able to start serious hostilities. At Jairut Ikrimah met two rebel armies preparing for battle. Cite This Work Abu Bakr formed the army into several corps. At this stage, when an aura of invincibility surrounded the imposter, Abu Bakr sent forward his best commander. Muhammad is a biologist, history enthusiast, and a freelance writer. Last modified June 05, 2020. [14] The wars were fought between the orthodox Catholic and Muslim populations of former Yugoslavia. Russian soldiers in ceremonial uniforms. Khalid next marched against another apostate tribe, Jadila. Shurhabil's corps, that was stationed at Yamamah, was to reinforce Khalid's corps. The war continued for a few months after this victory, but the outcome was clear. Web. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, a local Arab chief in the Iraqi region, who had rallied to the caliphal side, began raiding Sassanian territories and informed Abu Bakr of their vulnerability, prompting the caliph to send Khalid to Iraq, where the Rashidun army would enjoy much success. Er siegte etwa einen Monat später gegen die Truppen von Tulaiha, richtete im Spätherbst 632 Mālik ibn Nuwaira hin und fügte im Frühjahr 633 in der Ebene ʿAqrabāʾ in der Yamāma den Truppen der Banū Hanīfa unter der Führung von Musailima eine vernichtende Niederlage bei. [3], Als nach dem Herrschaftsantritt Abū Bakrs Delegationen verschiedener arabischer Stämme in Medina eintrafen, die die Zakāt verweigerten, verwies Abū Bakr darauf, dass die Zahlung der Steuer ein fundamentales religiöses Gebot sei, die Weigerung also ein Abfall vom Glauben. The defeated apostate tribes retreated to Abraq, where more clansmen of the Ghatfan, the Hawazin, and the Tayy were gathered. The loss of manpower at Yamama, most of whom were huffaz (singular: hafiz, meaning protector; contextually – those who memorize the Quran by heart), prompted Abu Bakr to order the compilation of the Holy Quran, on the behest of Umar. You killed a Muslim man and then rape his wife. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. This happened in June or July 632. Some time in October 632, Amr's corps were dispatched to Syrian border to subdue the apostates tribes, most importantly the tribes of Quza'a and the Wadi'a (a section of Bani Kalb), in the region around Tabuk and Daumat-ul-Jandal (Al-Jawf). Other corps were given areas of secondary importance in which to subdue the less dangerous apostate tribes. Before launching Khalid against Tulayha, Abu Bakr sought ways and means of reducing the latter's strength, so that the battle could be fought with the maximum prospects of victory. Ikrimah marched from Yamamah to Oman, and the combined forces of these two generals defeated Dhu'l-Taj at the Battle of Daba, fought in late November 632 at Dibba, a stronghold of Dhu'l-Taj. Im zentralarabischen Nadschd-Gebiet traten sogar zwei Propheten auf, im Norden bei den Asad-Beduinen Tulaiha und im Süden bei den Tamīm die Prophetin Sadschāh. At Najd, Malik ibn Nuweira led the tribes of Banu Tamim against the authority of Medina.[6]. Abu Bakr left a residual force of soldiers under the command of An-Numan ibn Muqarrin at Dhu Qissa and returned with his main army to Medina. In anderen Fällen hatte die Ridda mit lokalen Machtkämpfen zu tun: Gruppen, die mit dem Staat von Medina zusammengearbeitet hatten, wurden nach dem Tode Mohammeds und dem kurzzeitigen Machtverlust der Quraisch von anderen Gru… Shurahbil bin Hasanah: Follow Ikrimah and await the Caliph's instructions. Malik avoided direct contact with Khalid's army and ordered his followers to scatter, and he and his family apparently moved away across the desert. Bani Jadila submitted, and their 1000 warriors joined Khalid's army. Ridda wars formed an extension of Muammad’s career in two ways – firstly in consolidation of state rule over Arabia but in cementing position of elites: Medinese, Hijaz, Meccans and Taqifs remained a united bloc once succession crises had been resolved. Before the various corps left Zhu Qissa, however, envoys were sent by Abu Bakr to all apostate tribes in a final attempt to induce them to submit. All the leaders of the community are with me. Vol. ISBN 1-900724-47-2. reference=al-Balazuri: book no: 1, page no:107. Some rebels followed either Tulayha or Musaylima or Sajjah, all of whom claimed prophethood. At Buzakha in north central Arabia, another self-proclaimed prophet, Tulaiha, a tribal chief of Bani Asad, led the rebellion against Medina aided by the allied tribes of Banu Ghatfan, the Hawazin, and the Tayy. Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Ridda_wars?oldid=4779760. With the subjugation of the last rebels at Hadhramaut (Southern Arabia) in March 633 CE, the Caliph could sigh in relief as he had succeeded in uniting Arabia under the banner of Islam.

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